Processing Keyboard Input
The following example demonstrates how to use a caret in a simple text editor.
The example updates the caret position as the user types printable characters
and uses various keys to move through the client area.
#define TEXTMATRIX(x, y) *(pTextMatrix + (y * nWindowCharsX) + x)
// Global variables.
HINSTANCE hinst; // current instance
HBITMAP hCaret; // caret bitmap
HDC hdc; // device context
PAINTSTRUCT ps; // client area paint info
static char *pTextMatrix = NULL; // points to text matrix
static int nCharX, // width of char. in logical units
nCharY, // height of char. in logical units
nWindowX, // width of client area
nWindowY, // height of client area
nWindowCharsX, // width of client area
nWindowCharsY, // height of client area
nCaretPosX, // x-position of caret
nCaretPosY; // y-position of caret
static UINT uOldBlink; // previous blink rate
int x, y; // x and y coordinates to use in text matrix
TEXTMETRIC tm; // font information
LONG APIENTRY MainWndProc(
HWND hwnd, // window handle
UINT message, // type of message
UINT wParam, // additional information
LONG lParam) // additional information
{
switch (message)
{
case WM_CREATE:
// Select a fixed-width system font, and get its text metrics.
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
SelectObject(hdc,
GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT));
GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm);
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
// Save the avg. width and height of characters.
nCharX = tm.tmAveCharWidth;
nCharY = tm.tmHeight;
return 0;
case WM_SIZE:
// Determine the width of the client area, in pixels
// and in number of characters.
nWindowX = LOWORD(lParam);
nWindowCharsX = max(1, nWindowX/nCharX);
// Determine the height of the client area, in
// pixels and in number of characters.
nWindowY = HIWORD(lParam);
nWindowCharsY = max(1, nWindowY/nCharY);
// Clear the buffer that holds the text input.
if (pTextMatrix != NULL)
free(pTextMatrix);
// If there is enough memory, allocate space for the
// text input buffer.
pTextMatrix = malloc(nWindowCharsX * nWindowCharsY);
if (pTextMatrix == NULL)
ErrorHandler("Not enough memory.");
else
for (y = 0; y < nWindowCharsY; y++)
for (x = 0; x < nWindowCharsX; x++)
TEXTMATRIX(x, y) = ' ';
// Move the caret to the origin.
SetCaretPos(0, 0);
return 0;
case WM_KEYDOWN:
switch (wParam)
{
case VK_HOME: // Home
nCaretPosX = 0;
break;
case VK_END: // End
nCaretPosX = nWindowCharsX - 1;
break;
case VK_PRIOR: // Page Up
nCaretPosY = 0;
break;
case VK_NEXT: // Page Down
nCaretPosY = nWindowCharsY -1;
break;
case VK_LEFT: // Left arrow
nCaretPosX = max(nCaretPosX - 1, 0);
break;
case VK_RIGHT: // Right arrow
nCaretPosX = min(nCaretPosX + 1,
nWindowCharsX - 1);
break;
case VK_UP: // Up arrow
nCaretPosY = max(nCaretPosY - 1, 0);
break;
case VK_DOWN: // Down arrow
nCaretPosY = min(nCaretPosY + 1,
nWindowCharsY - 1);
break;
case VK_DELETE: // Delete
// Move all the characters that followed the
// deleted character (on the same line) one
// space back (to the left) in the matrix.
for (x = nCaretPosX; x < nWindowCharsX; x++)
TEXTMATRIX(x, nCaretPosY) =
TEXTMATRIX(x + 1, nCaretPosY);
// Replace the last character on the
// line with a space.
TEXTMATRIX(nWindowCharsX - 1,
nCaretPosY) = ' ';
// The application will draw outside the
// WM_PAINT message processing, so hide the caret.
HideCaret(hwnd);
// Redraw the line, adjusted for the
// deleted character.
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
SelectObject(hdc,
GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT));
TextOut(hdc, nCaretPosX * nCharX,
nCaretPosY * nCharY,
&TEXTMATRIX(nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY),
nWindowCharsX - nCaretPosX);
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
// Display the caret.
ShowCaret(hwnd);
break;
}
// Adjust the caret position based on the
// virtual-key processing.
SetCaretPos(nCaretPosX * nCharX,
nCaretPosY * nCharY);
return 0;
case WM_CHAR:
switch (wParam)
{
case 0x08: // Backspace
// Move the caret back one space, and then
// process this like the DEL key.
if (nCaretPosX > 0)
{
nCaretPosX--;
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_KEYDOWN,
VK_DELETE, 1L);
}
break;
case 0x09: // Tab
// Tab stops exist every four spaces, so add
// spaces until the user hits the next tab.
do
{
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_CHAR, ' ', 1L);
} while (nCaretPosX % 4 != 0);
break;
case 0x0D: // Carriage return
// Go to the beginning of the next line.
// The bottom line wraps around to the top.
nCaretPosX = 0;
if (++nCaretPosY == nWindowCharsY)
nCaretPosY = 0;
break;
case 0x1B: // Escape
case 0x0A: // Linefeed
MessageBeep((UINT) -1);
break;
default:
// Add the character to the text buffer.
TEXTMATRIX(nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY) =
(char) wParam;
// The application will draw outside the
// WM_PAINT message processing, so hide the caret.
HideCaret(hwnd);
// Draw the character on the screen.
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
SelectObject(hdc,
GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT));
TextOut(hdc, nCaretPosX * nCharX,
nCaretPosY * nCharY,
&TEXTMATRIX(nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY), 1);
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
// Display the caret.
ShowCaret(hwnd);
// Prepare to wrap around if you reached the
// end of the line.
if (++nCaretPosX == nWindowCharsX)
{
nCaretPosX = 0;
if (++nCaretPosY == nWindowCharsY)
nCaretPosY = 0;
}
break;
}
// Adjust the caret position based on the
// character processing.
SetCaretPos(nCaretPosX * nCharX,
nCaretPosY * nCharY);
return 0;
case WM_PAINT:
// Draw all the characters in the buffer, line by line.
hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
SelectObject(hdc,
GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT));
for (y = 0; y < nWindowCharsY; y++)
TextOut(hdc, 0, y * nCharY, &TEXTMATRIX(0, y),
nWindowCharsX);
EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
case WM_SETFOCUS:
// The window has the input focus. Load the
// application-defined caret resource.
hCaret = LoadBitmap(hinst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(120));
// Create the caret.
CreateCaret(hwnd, hCaret, 0, 0);
// Adjust the caret position.
SetCaretPos(nCaretPosX * nCharX,
nCaretPosY * nCharY);
// Display the caret.
ShowCaret(hwnd);
break;
case WM_KILLFOCUS:
// The window is losing the input focus,
// so destroy the caret.
DestroyCaret();
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
return NULL;
}
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